Nber Working Paper Series Directed Altruism and Enforced Reciprocity in Social Networks: How Much Is a Friend Worth?

We conduct field experiments in a large real-world social network to examine why decision makers treat friends more generously than strangers. Subjects are asked to divide surplus between themselves and named partners at various social distances, where only one of the decisions is implemented. In order to separate altruistic and future interaction motives, we implement an anonymous treatment where neither player is told at the end of the experiment which decision was selected for payment and a non-anonymous treatment where both players are told. Moreover, we include both games where transfers increase and decrease social surplus to distinguish between different future interaction channels including signaling one's generosity and enforced reciprocity, where the decision maker treats the partner to a favor because she can expect it to be repaid in the future. We can decompose altruistic preferences into baseline altruism towards any partner and directed altruism towards friends. Decision makers vary widely in their baseline altruism, but pass at least 50 percent more surplus to friends compared to strangers when decision making is anonymous. Under non-anonymity, transfers to friends increase by an extra 24 percent relative to strangers, but only in games where transfers increase social surplus. This effect increases with density of the network structure between both players, but does not depend on the average amount of time spent together each week. Our findings are well explained by enforced reciprocity, but not by signaling or preference-based reciprocity. We also find that partners' expectations are well calibrated to directed altruism, but that they ignore decision makers' baseline altruism. Partners with high baseline altruism have friends with higher baseline altruism and are therefore treated better. Stephen Leider Harvard University Department of Economics Littauer Center Cambridge, MA 02138 [email protected] Markus M. Möbius Harvard University Department of Economics Littauer 327 Cambridge, MA 02138 and NBER [email protected] Tanya Rosenblat Department of Economics Wesleyan University PAC 417 238 Church Street Middletown, CT 06459-0007 [email protected] Quoc-Anh Do Harvard University Department of Economics Littauer Center Cambridge, MA 02138 [email protected] “Friendship is one mind in two bodies.” – Mencius (3rd century B.C.) “Friendship is essentially a partnership.” – Aristotle (4th century B.C.)